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Hydrodynamic flume – Kristineberg

March 11, 2024 | Hydrodynamics, Instruments, Kristineberg, Publications, Restoration

Hydrodynamic flumes in marine research

Simulates marine conditions: The flume replicates various water flow scenarios, crucial for studying marine ecosystems.
Research applications: Used to examine sediment transport, organism behavior, and coastal dynamics under controlled conditions.
Advanced facility: Supports cutting-edge experiments in marine ecology, aiding in environmental and ecological research.
Impact on science: Findings contribute to a better understanding of coastal and marine environments, influencing conservation efforts.

The Seagrass Ecology Lab, located at Kristineberg marine station in Sweden, houses a hydraulic flume for studying the flow of water in a simple channel. The flume is capable of generating waves and currents to replicate conditions present in shallow coastal environments. It is a valuable tool for investigating the interactions between hydrodynamics and organisms, as well as sediment dynamics, wave propagation and turbulence.

The flume is constructed from PVC and plexiglass and is open-topped, measuring 8 m in length, 0.5 m in width, and 0.5 m in height. A test section box, 2 m in length and located at the bottom of the tank, is filled with sediment (eg, mud, sand, gravel, rocks, etc).

One unique feature of the flume is its ability to be filled with sea water from the fjord, as well as fresh water from the tap or a mix of seawater and tap to simulate brackish environments. The water temperature can be increased with resistances or reduced with a chiller. In addition, CO₂ gas can be pumped in the water to reduce the pH, if required. The flume can hold up to 1500 L of water, where the filling height is 20-30 cm.

A wooden frame beneath the plastic and plexiglass construction elevates the flume and improves accessibility. A large pipe runs between the rack, creating currents within the flume. This design allows water to flow continuously without reflecting back to the end. The pipe also features a valve for draining the water, which is beneficial when working with sensitive organisms and requiring specific water temperature and salinity.

Hydraulic flume for coastal ecology research at Kristineberg Marine Research Station in Sweden

Hydrodynamics

Currents

The hydraulic flume is capable of generating unidirectional flow or currents, which can be adjusted by controlling the motor revolutions per minute (RPM) that determine the flow velocity of the water. The motor is connected to a propeller located at the end of the flume, which creates the currents that flow through the pipe below the flume. To ensure a laminar flow, two elements consisting of tubes and straws are positioned at the beginning of the flume.

Waves

Oscillatory flow or waves in the flume are generated using an electric piston, which is mounted on a rolling cart. The length and speed of each piston stroke can be controlled electronically to modify the paddle speed and paddle stroke, thereby allowing for the creation of waves with different characteristics. The wave frequency is also controlled from a computer that regulates the forward and backward stroke velocity of the wave paddle. To reduce reflections of wave energy, a beach is located at the opposite end of the flume, which is designed to dissipate wave energy using a thick porous mat placed at a 15-degree angle. This design effectively damps wave energy, reducing the impact of reflections and enabling more accurate studies of wave dynamics.

Instruments

An Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) Nortek Vectrino is available in the lab and is a highly useful tool for measuring fluid velocities and turbulence in a hydraulic flume. ADVs can be used to precisely measure the velocity and direction of water flow, which can provide valuable information for a wide range of scientific and engineering applications. For example:

Measuring water velocity and turbulence in hydraulic flumes or other flow systems
Studying the behavior and physiology of marine organisms in relation to water flow patterns
Investigating how marine organisms interact with different flow environments (e.g. bottom roughness)
Developing models and simulations of flow-organism interactions (e.g. transport, feeding, swimming)
Monitoring the effects of anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. ocean acidification, climate change, pollution) on flow patterns and organism behavior
Evaluating the effectiveness of artificial structures (e.g. breakwaters, reefs) in altering flow patterns and providing habitat for marine organisms
Assessing the impact of hydrokinetic energy devices (e.g. tidal turbines) on water flow and marine ecosystems
Characterizing the flow of sediment and other particles in aquatic environments
Studying the dynamics of rivers and other natural water systems.

Wave and current flume, Acoustic Doppler velocimeter ADV, Nortek at Kristineberg marine station flume, University of Gothenburg

Wave gauge (HR Wallingford) are availabe in the lab to measure the height and frequency of waves in a flume or other body of water. There are different types of wave gauges available, but most work by detecting changes in water pressure caused by the passage of waves. The data collected by wave gauges can provide important information about wave behavior and the effects of waves on structures and marine ecosystems. In hydraulic flumes, wave gauges can be used to study the effects of wave energy on sediment transport, coastal erosion, and other processes, and to test the performance of coastal engineering structures such as seawalls or breakwaters.

Methods to measure useful parameters in the flume

The following table lists methods and instruments used to measure key parameters of fluid dynamics in hydrodynamic flumes. Each parameter is paired with relevant studies showing the methodological approach for each technique. The references offer a range of approaches for gathering data on fluid dynamics under laboratory conditions.

Parameter	Method	Reference
Flow	Particle Image Velocimetry	Drucker & Lauder 1999
	Laser Doppler Velocimetry	Koehl 2007; Diplas et al.2008
	Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry	Infantes et al. 2011; Bouma et al. 2005
Flow visualization	High speed camera	Videler et al. 1991
Wave – seawater	Pressure sensor	Infantes et al. 2011; Bouma et al. 2005
Wave – freshwater	Resistance gauge	Suh et al. 2001; Brevik 1980
Turbidity	Pump sampling	Baas et al. 2004
	Fluorometer	Cloutier et al. 2002
	Light sensor	Aberle et al. 2003
Stress	Torque	Chapman et al 2014
Force and drag	Load cells	Infantes et al. 2011; Bouma et al. 2005
Sediment dynamics	Infrared profiler	Clifford et al. 1995
	Stereo photography	Hilsenstein 2005; Stojic et al. 1998
	Optical backscatter sensors (OBS)	Ribberink et al. 2001; Widdows et al. 1998
	Acoustic backscatter sensors (ABS)	Thorne et al 2002; Ribberink et al. 2001
Nutrients	Pump sampling	Bilger et al. 1995; Beaulieu 2003

Research articles carried at Kristineberg flume

Below is a list of research articles conducted using the hydrodynamic flume at Kristineberg, covering topics such as flume design, sediment dynamics, transport and trapping, blue carbon, fish physiology, and animal behavior. The articles provide detailed descriptions of the methodologies used and the results achieved, offering valuable technical information for researchers and practitioners.